Dynamics of Willapa Bay, Washington: A Highly Unsteady, Partially Mixed Estuary

December 2004

This paper examines the net fluxes of salt in and out of Willapa Bay, Washington, on event (2–10 day) and seasonal time scales.

N. S. Banas, B. M. Hickey, and P. MacCready   

15

Estuary, Willapa Bay, salt dynamics

24

Banas_et_al_JPO_2004-Willapa_observations

◄bibliography

Commercial selective harvest of coho salmon and chinook salmon on the Willapa River using angle nets and gill nets

July 2002

Many salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest are declining to historically low levels. The causes of these declines vary by area, but typically include habitat destruction, mismanagement of harvest, interference by hatchery programs, and hydroelectric development. In Washington, numerous stocks are listed as threatened or endangered.

 Vander Haegen, G. E., K.W. Yi, J. F. Dixon, C. E. Ashbrook  

16

Willapa River, salmon populations, selective, harvest

24

Commercial_Harvest_On_Willapa_2002

◄bibliography

Condition of Coastal Waters of Washington State, 2000-2003, a Statistical Summary

December 2007

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency developed the Coastal Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to measure the condition of the nation’s coastal waters. Numerous water, sediment, and biological measurements provide information on the physical environment, resident invertebrates and fish, and exposure of those animals to pollutants.

Valerie Partridge 

255

Coastal waters, abiotic  pollutant exposure, contaminants, biotic, EMAP, habitat, intertidal, offshore, fish

24

Condition_Coastal_Waters_2000-2003

◄bibliography

Condition of Outer Coastal Estuaries of Washington State, 1999, a Statistical Summary

March 2007

In 1999, estuaries along the outer coast of Washington were sampled as part of Coastal EMAP. The areas sampled included estuaries of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, Pacific Coast, and Columbia River, but not Puget Sound. This report provides a statistical summary of the results.

Sarah Wilson and Valerie Partridge 

248

Coastal estuaries, habitat, water, sediment, abiotic pollutant exposure, toxicity, benthic, fish, hydrographic

24

Condition_Outer_Coastal_Estuaries_1999

◄bibliography

Estuary Management in the Pacific Northwest An Overview of Programs and Activities in Washington, Oregon, and Northern California

2003

Pacific Northwest estuaries range from large to small (Oregon’s Twomile; from rural to urban, and from pristine to seriously degraded. They are used as stopovers by migratory birds, as spawning and nursery habitat for salmon, and—for people—as places of reflection, recreation, and commerce. Estuary management consists largely of understanding issues and stakeholders, regulating use, and monitoring development. However, it also involves knowing the ecological system and its cycles, characteristics, tendencies, and trends.

Anne Jennings, Todd Jennings, and Bob Bailey

135

Estuaries, Grays Harbor, Willapa Bay, Padilla Bay, Puget Sound, Columbia River

24

Estuary_Management_PNW_2003

◄bibliography

Ranking of Estuarine Habitat Restoration Priorities in Willapa Bay, WA

January 2007

The purpose of this project was to remedy a major deficiency of the WRIA 24 Strategic Plan for Salmon Recovery. Prior to this project, insufficient work had been done to evaluate and rank the relative importance of estuarine areas of Willapa Bay as habitat for salmon and steelhead or to devise specific projects directed at restoring key estuarine habitat.

Miranda Wecker

30

Willapa Bay, estuary, habitat, restoration

24

Estuarine_Ranking_Project_1-07

◄bibliography

Flow Summary for Gaging Stations on the Willapa River and Selected Tributaries

June 2004

Between May and October 2001, the Washington State Department of Ecology conducted a streamflow assessment on the mainstem and South Fork of the Willapa River, as well as on Fork Creek, a mainstem tributary.

Chuck Springer

23

Flow, gaging, stations, Willapa river, streamflow, monitoring

24

Flow_Summary_Willapa_River

◄bibliography

Nemah/Naselle Watershed Assessment

May 2002

This Assessment has been performed in an attempt to identify important salmon resource restoration projects in the Nemah and Naselle subbasins, within WRIA 24.

Wayne Wright and Joe Callaghan

95

Watershed assessment, salmon, fish, population, geology, logging, water quality, limiting factors, management

24

Nemah_Naselle_Watershed_Assessment_2002

◄bibliography

Status Review of Pink Salmon from Washington, Oregon and California

February 1996

Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) is a widespread species of Pacific salmon, occurring regularly in most major river basins around the Pacific Rim from Washington State to North Korea, and occasionally in rivers as far south as northern California and the Japanese island of Hokkaido.  Recently published investigations have reported that several local populations of pink salmon in Washington and California have become extinct or are at high risk of extinction, and that the abundance of others is depressed .

Jeffrey J. Hard, Robert G. Kope, W. Stewart Grant, F. William Waknitz, L. Ted Parker and Robin S. Waples 

141

Pink salmon, ESA, species, extinction risk, artificial propogation

24

NOAA_Status_Review_Pink_Salmon_1996

◄bibliography

Pacific Salmon, Nutrients, and the Dynamics of Freshwater and Riparian Ecosystems

June 2002

Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) accumulate substantial nutrients in their bodies as they grow to adulthood at sea. These nutrients are carried to predominantly oligotrophic lakes and streams, where they are released during and after spawning. Research over more than 3 decades has shown that the annual deposition of salmon-borne marine-derived nutrients (MD-nutrients) is important for the productivity of freshwater communities throughout the Pacific coastal region.

Robert J. Naiman, Robert E. Bilby, Daniel E. Schindler, and James M. Helfield

19

Pacific, salmon, nutrients, spawning

24

Pacific_Salmon_Nutrients_2002

◄bibliography

Response of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the addition of salmon carcasses to two streams in southwestern Washington, U.S.A.

October 1997

Availability of organic matter and nutrients transported from the marine environment to streams by spawning salmon was increased in two small streams in southwestern Washington, U.S.A., by adding salmon carcasses from a nearby hatchery.

Robert E. Bilby, Brian R. Fransen, Peter A. Bisson, and Jason K. Walter 

10

Juvenile coho, salmon, steelhead, carcasses, nutrients, spawning

24

Response_juvenile_coho_to_carcasses_1997

◄bibliography

River and Stream Ambient Monitoring Report for Water Year 1997

August 1999

Washington State DOE collected monthly water quality information at 84 river and stream monitoring stations during 1997.  The principal goals of this ongoing monitoring program are to characterize the rivers and streams of Washington State and to track changes in water quality.

WDOE 

219

Washington State water quality monitoring

24

River_Stream_Ambient_Monitoring_1997

◄bibliography

River and Stream Ambient Monitoring Report for Water Year 2000

December 2001

Washington State DOE collected monthly water quality information at 84 river and stream monitoring stations during 1997.  The principal goals of this ongoing monitoring program are to characterize the rivers and streams of Washington State and to track changes in water quality.

Dave Hallock

145

Washington State water quality monitoring

24

River_Stream_Ambient_Monitoring_2000

◄bibliography

Seasonal Floodplain Wetlands as Fish Habitat in Oregon and Washington

March 2008

Temporal patterns of species richness and diversity in fish assemblages were examined within a hierarchical framework of spatial and temporal factors in the context of the dynamic and variable nature of floodplains

Cynthia F. Baker

325

Floodplain, wetlands, fish habitat, fish, spawning, rearing, flows

24

Seasonal_Floodplain_Wetlands_Fish_Habitat_2008

◄bibliography

Vesta-Little North River Watershed Analysis Historical Research

June 1995

Historical research of the Vesta – Little North River Watershed

Tim Scherer

7

Watershed, timber, harvest, agricultural, railroads, splash dams, burns, logging, fish, reforestation, forestry

24

Vesta_little_north_river_analysis_historical_report

◄bibliography

Willapa Bay Chum Salmon Investigation

August 27, 2007

Willapa Bay chum salmon investigation

Steward and Associates 

75

Willapa Bay, chum, salmon, distribution, genetic stock, abundance, maps, population

24

Willapa_Chum_Report_1-24-08

◄bibliography

The Willapa Fisheries Recovery Strategy

February 1996

The Willapa Bay Basin currently boasts of some of the healthiest salmon populations in Washington state. However, these populations are almost solely dependent upon the production of fish through artificial propagation at the three state operated hatcheries located on the Bay. Naturally spawning populations are not nearly as robust. The populations of these fish are relatively healthy when compared with the Northwest's other salmon runs, but showing signs of decline.

Allen Lebovitz

92

Willapa Bay, salmon, populations, hatchery, recovery, fisheries, strategy, adaptive management

24

Willapa_Fisheries_Recovery_Strategy_1996

◄bibliography

Willapa River Dissolved Oxygen Total Maximum Daily Load Water Quality Improvement Report and Implementation Plan

February 2006

This report summarizes results of a dissolved oxygen total maximum daily load (TMDL) study in the Willapa River Watershed conducted by the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology), Pacific County Government, and private consultants. It also provides a detailed plan for limiting pollution discharges in the lower river to meet state water quality standards.

Cosmopolitan Engineering, Tetra Tech, Gray and Osborne

48

Willapa River, water quality, TMDL, dissolved oxygen, geographic, loading, adaptive management

24

Willapa_River_Dissolved_Oxygen_TMDL

◄bibliography

 Willapa River Fecal Coliform Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load Water Quality Implementation Plan

August 2008

This Water Quality Improvement Plan builds upon studies and corrective actions that started before 1996 in the Willapa River watershed. Local work has been very effective in lowering bacteria levels. However, more work is needed in certain areas of the watershed to meet water quality objectives.   This plan describes additional work that is scheduled in order to meet established beneficial uses of the river and estuary.

Dave Rountry

43

Willapa River, TMDL, fecal coliform bacteria, daily load, water quality, maps

24

Willapa_River_Fecal_Coliform_2008

◄bibliography

Willapa River Fecal Coliform Bacteria Total Maximum Daily Load

June 2007

Segments of the Willapa River have been placed on the federal Clean Water Act section 303(d) list for failing to meet Washington State’s water quality standard for fecal coliform bacteria. During 2006, new data were collected by the Department of Ecology at various locations in the Willapa River watershed. This report provides an evaluation of the 2006 data. It establishes target reductions, or numeric cleanup goals called load allocations, for nonpoint (diffuse) sources of bacteria pollution. This report also describes what it will take for the present and future permitted facilities to help the Willapa River meet state water quality standards.

Anise Ahmed and David Rountry

87

Environmental assessment, water quality, TMDL, daily load, fecal coliform, maps

24

Willapa_River_Fecal_Coliform_TMD

◄bibliography

Willapa River Fecal Coliform Bacteria Verification Study

August 2007

The Willapa River and several tributaries are on the 1998 303(d) list of impaired waterbodies due to violations of one or more Washington State water quality criteria. The mainstem and several tributaries exceed (do not meet) the water quality criteria for fecal coliform bacteria, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. The EPA requires states to develop and implement cleanup programs through the development of TMDLs for listed parameters and to periodically monitor progress toward compliance with TMDL targets.

George Onwumere, Ph.D.

49

Water quality, TMDL, daily load, fecal coliform, maps

24

Willapa_River_Fecal_Coliform_Verification

◄bibliography

Willapa Watershed Assessment

2006

This Assessment has been performed to identify important, high priority salmon restoration projects in the Willapa Watershed, within WRIA 24. The Willapa Watershed is one of two high priority watersheds within WRIA #24. The potential restoration projects identified in this assessment will be utilized by sponsors to implement projects for future Salmon Recovery Funding in this portion of WRIA 24.

Pacific Conservation District

40

Willapa watershed, assessment, salmon recovery, limiting factors, projects

24

Willapa_watershed_assessment

◄bibliography

Salmon And Steelhead Habitat Limiting Factors In The Willapa Basin

July 1999

Through the Engrossed Substitute House Bill 2496 process, the habitat conditions of salmon-producing watersheds within WRIA 24 (with the exception of Chinook River watershed) were reviewed and summarized. Major and minor habitat factors that limit salmonid production are summarized below by watershed. Detailed reports for each of these factors are discussed within the body of the report. This first round report examines salmon and steelhead trout habitat conditions. Later versions will address the habitat issues for other salmonids.

Carol J. Smith, Ph.D.

98

Willapa Basin, watershed, salmon, limiting factors, populations, habitat, maps

24

WRIA_24_LFA

◄bibliography

WRIA 24 Salmon Map Figure B2

1995-1996

Salmon distribution map Willapa watershed

Carol Smith, Tom Kantz, Mark Scott, Jeff Rudolph, Allen Lebovitz

1

Coho, Chinook, Chum, Steelhead, distribution, map

24

WRIA_24_Salmon_Map

◄bibliography

Pacific County (WRIA 24) Strategic Plan for Salmon Recovery

June 2001

The overall goal of the Pacific County (WRIA 24) Strategic Salmon Recovery Plan (Strategic Plan) is to re-establish the connection between fish and their habitat through the identification of human actions and their effects on salmon survival. This Pacific County (WRIA 24) Strategic Salmon Recovery Plan offers a scientific framework enabling the selection of projects that most effectively restore and preserve the natural habitat features and landscape processes critical to sustained salmon survival.

Applied Environmental Services, Inc.

76

Strategic plan, salmon, recovery, historical, ecosystem, habitat, spawning, rearing, floodplain, streambed, water quality, quantity, estuary, gap analysis, fish passage

24

WRIA_24_Strategy

◄bibliography